A.C. Devices Essay Example for Free

A.C. Devices EssayINTRODUCTIONAlthough in our daily life we use A.C. certain devices. But rectifier is a Electronic device which converts A.C. king into D.C. power. The study of the articulation rectifying tube characteristics reveals that the union rectifying valve offers a funky resistance path, when in the lead biased, and a high resistance path, when chase away biased. This feature of the junction rectifying valve enables it to be used as a rectifier. The alternating signals provides opposite kind of biased potency at the junction after each half(a)-cycle. If the junction is forward biased in the first half-cycle, its gets vacate biased in the second half. It results in the flow of forward online in one educational activity tho and thus the signal gets rectified. In other words, we can say, when an alternating e.m.f. signal is applied across a junction diode, it will conduct barely during those alternate half cycles, which biased it in forward direction.TYPE OF RECTIFIERMainly we have two types of rectifier 1. Half wave rectifier.2. Full wave rectifier. concurrence junction rectifier AS HALF WAVE RECTIFIERWhen a single diode is used as a rectifier, the rectification of only one-half of the A.C. wave form takes place. such a rectification is called half-wave rectification. The circuit diagram for a half-wave rectifier is shown in Fig. Principle It is based upon the principle that junction diode offers low resistance path when forward biased, and high resistance when reverse biased. Arrangement - The A.C. supply is applied across the ancient coil(P) of a step down transformer. The secondary coil(S) of the transformer is connected to the junction diode and a load resistance RL. The out put D.C. voltage is obtained across the load resistance(RL)Theory Suppose that during the first half of the input cycle, the junction diode gets forward biased the conventional current will flow in the direction of the arrow-heads. The upper annul of RL will be at positive potential difference w.r.t. the lower end. During the negative half cycle of the input a.c. voltage, the diode is reverse biased. No current flows in the circuit, and therefore, no voltage is developed across (RL). Since only the positive half cycle of the input appears across the load, the a.c. input is converted into pulsating direct current (d.c.).Disadvantage of Half-Wave-Rectifier 1. Half wave rectification involves a standoff of wastage of energy and hence it is not preferred. 2. A small current flows during reverse bias due to minority charge carriers. As the output across (RL) is negligible. 3. The resulting d.c. voltage is not steady enough for some purpose. The following device is used when a very steady d.c. voltage is required.JUNCTION DIODE AS A FULL WAVE RECTIFIERA rectifier which rectifies both waves of the a.c. input is called a full wave rectifier. Principle - It is based upon the principle that a junction diode offers low resistance during fo rward biased and high resistance, when reverse biased.Difference from half-wave-rectifier - The main difference is that in full wave rectifier we use two diodes. For this when we apply a.c. current to the rectifier then the first half wave get forward biased due to first diode. And when the second half wave comes. Then at that period the second diode comes in action and gets forward biased. Thus output obtained during both the half cycles of the a.c. input Arrangement - The a.c. supply is applied across the primary coil(P) of a step down transformer. The two diodes of the secondary coil(S) of the transformer are connected to the P-sections of the junction diodes (D1) and (D2). A load resistance (RL) is connected across the n-sections of the two diodes and at centre of the secondary coil. The d.c. output will be obtained across the load resistance (RL).Theory -Suppose that during first half of the input cycle, upper end of (S) coil is at positive potential. And lower end is at negat ive potential. The junction diode (D1) gets forward biased, while the diode. (D2) get reverse biased. When the second half of the input cycle comes, the situation will be exactly reverse. Now the junction diode (D2) will conduct. Since the current during both the half cycles flows from right to go away through the load resistance (RL) the output during both the half cycles will be of same nature. Thus, in a full wave rectifier, the output is constant but pulsating in nature. However it can be made smooth by using a filter circuit.REVERSE BIASING ON A JUNCTION DIODEA P-n junction is said to be reverse biased if the positive conclusion of the external battery B is connected to n-side and the negative terminal to p-side of the p-n junction. In reverse biasing, the reverse bias voltage supports the potential barrier VB. (Now the majority carriers are pulled away from the junction and the depletion region become thick. There is no conduction across the junction due to majority carrier s. However, a few minority carriers (holes in n-section and electrons in p-section) of p-n Junction diode cross the junction after being accelerated by high reverse bias voltage. Since the large increase in reverse voltage shows small increase in reverse current, hence, the resistance of p-n junction is high to the flow of current when reverse biased.MATERIAL REQUIRED1. Transformer It is device which is used to increase or decrease the alternating current and alternating voltage. For the rectifier, it may be step down or step up. 2. Junction Diode It is made up of p-type and n-type semiconductor which conducts when the p terminal of diode to connect to positive terminal of battery and n region is connected to negative terminal of battery i.e. during forward biased and does not conduct during reverse biased.

Policy Development Essay Example for Free

Policy Development EssayDomestic personnel bear be described as both form of deliberate coercion, bodily harm, sexual assault, or any separate form of violent behavior committed by an intimate premiere mate. Domestic frenzy has plagued all walks of life patronage the age, race, religion, or background. Violence against an intimate partner is frequently followed by psychological aversion and controlling behavior relating to the methodical designing of power and control. Domestic violence comes in many forms but non always seen by the naked eye. Domestic violence constitutes forms of physical abuse, psychological abuse or even death that drive out be seen by other family members possibly causing a continuous speech rhythm of abuse for generations to come. Facts and StatisticsIt is hard to chain of mountains the notion that somewhere in the world every nine seconds a woman is being beaten or assaulted. On average, 85% of victims of home(prenominal) violence are women and 1 in every three women will endure some form of domestic violence in their natural life. Sadly sufficient only nonpareil fourth of all victims who pass been physically assaulted by an intimate partner will actually discover card it to the police force, implying that official statistics will neer justify the full scope of the problem. The average age of a fe antheral victim who is at the greatest risk of harm by an intimate partner is between 20 to 24 years old. Domestic violence is the unproblematic source of harm to a woman over all other attainable harmful circumstances she will encounter.As if domestic violence isnt already difficult enough for women to endure in an intimate relationship, if she has a male child who witnesses these assaults he is now two times more credibly to abuse his partner or children as an adult passing along the cycle of abuse for our future. Statistics have shown that 30% to 60% of intimate partners who assault besides assault their childr en. Intimate partner homicides that are reported to police make upapproximately one third of female homicide victims and 70% to 80% of those victims had a previous assault history. A very small amount of victims actually seek medical treatment later onward an assault but as yet a vastly whoppingr number of approximately 18.5 million victims seek mental wellness treatment following an assault. Separation isnt always the ultimate solution to the problem. Over 70% of women who were injured during a domestic violence assault were assaulted after the separation (Safehorizon,2014).S carryholdersLaw EnforcementOften times victimization in episodes of domestic violence is conducted behind closed doors causing integrity enforcement to bring into being the first line of defense for victims of domestic violence. If the response of the police is extremely insufficient it has a negative impact on the victim making them less likely to use the felon justice system in the future. There are typically three types of police responses to domestic violence non-intervention, mediation, and enamor. The initial typical police response to domestic violence was the non-intervention way as police felt that domestic violence was a private matter best kept at home. The second approach is mediation which promotes crisis intervention including separating both parties, reconciliation, or social services referral. This method was designed to keep domestic violence out of the miserable justice system however, it proved to be ineffective. Now a more practiced policy to domestic violence is the conceal of an offender as a presumed or mandatory response.Domestic violence cases are different in the sense that the offender can be taken into custody under a smilerless arrest as these types of misdemeanors do not have to occur in the officers presence. Legal changes have been made where officers now arrest the primary aggressor instead of the old dual arrest practices affecting the victi m more than the offender. It has been shown that an officer is more often than not the victims end resort to alleviate the problem as they typically chose other routes as to not affect their livelihood. In all domestic violence situations officers shall make an arrest when an offense of violence has been presented, treat these acts of domestic violence as criminal, never disregard protection against domestic violence based upon race, religion, sexual orientation, immediately reportall cases of family violence, and receive training on domestic violence required by natural integrity (Erez,2002).Due to the fact that domestic violence affects a large number of people, it is plausible to say that leaving the maltreater is not as easy as people may think which would ultimately stop the abuse. Since this is true, justice enforcement must approach domestic violence as serious as they approach any other significant crime by providing time, resources and attention. Given that law enforceme nt is spending a ton of time focusing on domestic violence, it is important for these agencies to establish a domestic violence policy that indicates reports will be completed on each domestic violence call regardless of whether or not an arrest was made. The most significant and respected service a law enforcement officer can provide to a victim is an arrest of their maltreater (Klein,2009).ProsecutorsProsecutors play a very important role in the quest of abusers within the criminal justice system in hopes of providing harsh judgments pr offspringing reoffending and better protection of victims. If prosecutors fail to prosecute the bulk of domestic violence cases conducted by law enforcement an internal examination into their practices, policies, and priorities should be conducted providing an explanation as to why fewer prosecutions are being abuted. They should not allow victims who are unwilling to prosecute their abuser stop them from proceeding on with the case. If a vast number of victims are willing to sign an affidavit of non prosecution, it is certain that prosecutors and law enforcement must come up with a better a way for victims to trust them so more cases are prosecuted. For prosecutors to gain a more successful prosecution rate, they must kick upstairs victim cooperation and involvement by concentrating on the victims alarms of being abused again or testifying in court without fear of retaliation.In the event that a defendant possesses serious risk to the victim during trial, prosecutors must take all measures to protect the victim to effectively prosecute the case. It has been insisted upon by the judge that prosecutors report to the court any defendants negative actions such as reoffending, threatening or intimidating the victim so that potentially other charges can be added while the original case is still pending. While still being compassionate towards the victim, prosecution must base it caseon the law and penalties of the law versu s the individual preferences of the victim as they tend to become more lenient during the course of the trial fearing retaliation in the future. Prosecution must also notify the defendant of this process so they dont believe this is based upon the victims requests.Prosecutors must work move over in hand with law enforcement to obtain all the evidence associated with the case as well as identify and include all witnesses involved. Domestic violence can be deterred if prosecution sufficiently concentrates on the abuser risk by inflicting harsh sentences such as supervised probation and incarceration while revealing the defendants prior criminal and abuse history in hopes to prevent reoffending (Klein,2009). The ideals that lawmakers had on prosecution or adjudication for domestic violence is consequently not being enforced.Legal representatives may become doubtful about the irregularity of violent behavior, or disbelieve the seriousness of the complainants, can either enforce the law firmly for prosecution purposes, or at the same time be understanding of the physical aggression that could be considered efficient punishment for the victims marital infidelity. Legal representatives are inclined(predicate) to characterize domestic violence as a civil matter for a ruling in divorce courts versus criminal courts. The prosecution and adjudication phases are tangible for offenders ultimately deciding their guilt or innocence, establishing a criminal record and providing a punishment. These phases are significant for the victim as well as they capture to trust the criminal justice system again (Erez,2002).JudgesJudges can ultimately be the final step in the adjudication process of domestic violence abusers so their role is extremely crucial in the protection of the victim. Merely handing down a guilty verdict does not guarantee reoffending of the abuser so judges should concentrate more on invasive sentences that include incarceration especially for those who are r epeat offenders and those with an extensive criminal history. Even though judges should be open-minded when it comes to the views of the victims regarding punishment, he must enlighten all parties involved that he is compelled to hand out the most appropriate sentence pertaining to this case regardless of whether or not the victim agrees. Regardless whether thedefendant turns himself into the court for a domestic violence case, he should be treated as mischievously as the offender arrested on scene as it has been shown that the typical offender flees the scene of the incident prior to officers arrival where a warrant is later issued for their arrest.Judges should hand down sentences that reflect the offenders prior criminal history as those are signs of possible reoffending regardless if it reflects prior domestic violence offenses. In the event a defendant offends while pending another court case for domestic violence, judges may take that into account for purposes of bail, civil orders, and sentencing. Affidavits filled out by the victim dont fully describe the abuse suffered by the victim or the fear of future abuse as this document is solely based upon the incident at hand.It is extremely valuable for the judge to further investigate this case by asking the victim more questions as well as examining the prior arrest history of the offender to have a better grasp on the whole picture relating to the abuse. Judges may issue protective orders to the victim but unfortunately this is only a strong piece of paper and it does not prevent abusers from reoffending. Judges should make every effort to house a user friendly courtroom, safe environment for all parties involved, be compassionate to the victims, and yet stern with defendants once some sort of abuse has been brought forward. When judges are able to represent the courtroom in this manner victims concerns are validated and the defendants behavior is shown to be unacceptable (Klein,2009).Public OpinionMost people are in agreement that someone should step in when an inglorious domestic violence situation arises, but they dont agree on what their involvement should be, or the responsibility of the victim to reduce the violence by removing themselves from the abusive relationship. Even though people have the same opinion about domestic violence being a criminal act, they are not essentially on the same page that police should regularly arrest the offender or use other corrective authority versus using other alternatives.This apparent apprehension may be the outcome of peoples uncertainty concerning the applications of criminal sanctions. One theory is they believe offenders warrant the penalty of arrest or jail, yet another theory is they are often practical about the efficiency of the punishmentactually putting a stop to the warring actions or the probability the penalty will ultimately protect the victim. A more promising effect is possibly that of rehabilitation and victim or corpo ration focused changes. Nonetheless, such changes like offender treatments, education, and victims ultimately leaving the relationship continue to be a rare result (Carlson,2002).ReformRecent clear up within the prosecution and adjudication process of domestic violence includes the issuance of protective order as well as special legal defenses for beaten-up women who have killed their abuser. At one time civil protection orders were only obtainable through a pending divorce, recently they have been pushed through legislation for beaten-up women who are not currently involved in a divorce proceeding. The main objective of domestic violence reform has been aimed at the prosecution process as it has been found that too many cases, misdemeanors, were falling out of the criminal justice process during different stages. Through the years, domestic violence has become one of the most talked about policies and is in constant reform as ideals are continuously changing. Historically very l ittle action by the police and prosecutors has been make regarding domestic violence and without a more serious offense, prior record of offender, possible weapon use, injuries, or physical evidence most cases wont see the inside of a courtroom.The most effective way to present a domestic violence case before the court is to have the victims cooperation but yet most prosecutors predict that victims will sign an affidavit of non prosecution ultimately dismissing the case altogether typically causing prosecutors to waver before filling a case. Prosecution efforts should be based upon the victims safety not the conviction of the offender. It should also be an approach to get the word out to the offender that the abuse is unacceptable and will not be tolerated. Prosecutors have recently found a way to prosecute domestic violence offenses even when the complainant does not want to pursue charges. They have implemented victim advocacy programs within the prosecutors office in hopes to b oost victim retention within the process. Another approach is the evidence based prosecution, which is the idea of gathering all significant evidence to build a case against anoffender without the victim. Many people believe these practices take away from the victims freedoms of determining their course of action (Erez,2002).Another reform is that of the battered woman syndrome which has been employed in hopes of fixing past practices of disregarding the difficulty battered women face when she wants to defend herself in court, or the necessity to apply principals of law, or self defense that were not particularly appropriate for issues relating to abuse. This tactic has been used as a legal defense for women who battered or killed their abuser after they have suffered many years of abuse and responded by causing harm or death to them.Often times these cases are from battered women who harm their abuser without first being irritated due to the psychological state of mind the victim h as suffered for many years (Erez,2002). Domestic violence has plagued all walks of life despite the age, race, religion, or background. Without the constant fight by all stakeholders within the criminal justice system for the victims of domestic violence, no real solution to the problem can come of this resolve. Constant and continuous reform is necessary to maintain the safety and security of all victims preserving their trust with the criminal justice system.

Oedipus the King | Imagery and sybolism

Oedipus the top executive Imagery and sybolismSophocles use of light and dark in Oedipus the King acts as an aid in the fictional character development. The associated imagery and symbolism in the play manifests Sophocles ideas to the reader which gets them involved in reading and understanding the play.Throughout epoch, the front end of light in any situation has always been construed as the presence of companionship, good spirits, parity holiness. For darkness the converse is true. Not only is it representative of holiness, besides also, the presence of light shows that we should be able to insure far, similar to how much we know of something. After in all, it is hard to fathom a human who can propose in the dark.In Oedipus Rex, sight and screenness are also used as allusions to light and darkness, albeit not with exactly the same meanings. A blind mortal is in the dark about what is going on around him, with no knowledge about his setting, and is handicapped while m aking choices. A sighted soul is well aware of his setting, and should be able to make decisions while being able to see the repercussions.It is also hard to see a line to where the several(predicate) interpretations stop. It can be used in the same work to show any of the different meanings interchangeably. This makes it such a useful tool for an author to draw attention to specific character traits and development, without becoming too technical in writing. By combining all of these ideas, playwright is able to portray a deeper meaning than could possibly be explicitly written. Also, the author is able to express a complex idea with a single word ie light representing knowledge and truth.Oedipus Rex is a Greek tragedy written by Sophocles, who was a celebrated ancient Greek poet. The play is together with Antig adept and Oedipus at Colonus part of what is called the Theban plays, all set in Thebes and concerned with the town of Thebes before, during and after Oedipus reign as Theban king (Sophocles Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).A tragic hero must reach four criteria nobility, harmatia (i.e a flaw), peripetia (i.e. reversal of fortune) and anagnorisis (i.e. discovery that peripetia was caused by the heros own actions). (What is a Tragic Hero? Yahoo Answers, 2013) The basic plot of a tragedy is the rise of a character to become a leader of men, the fall of the character due to a character flaw and the realisation of the character flaw that destroys him.In Oedipus the King, the priest describes Thebes as the City of Light. Thebes normally is supposed to be a prosperous town all that it touches is supposed to turn to gold. in that location is joy and happiness around every corner. In such conditions, Oedipus could waltz in and no one would bat an eyelid. However, the same priest describes how the plague has interpreted over the city by saying And deadly pestilence, that fiery god, swoops down to blast the city, emptying the House of Cadmus, filling i t with blackness like Hades1. This indicates a total contrast to how its supposed to be. The once prosperous city is now under the curse of the sphinx. With the darkness comes disease, uncertainty and emptiness and with it the need for a hero. The degree is now set for Oedipus entry. A need has been created for a leader of men. The use of the imagery of darkness has paved the way for Oedipus to rise above all some other men.Another example of successful character development using light/darkness imagery is when Oedipus promises to Creon, the messenger, that I will shed light on this darkness2. Creon had just told Oedipus that the curse on their land would be lifted when Lauis killer is banished or killed.3Oedipus implies that he would investigate Lauis murder and ensure that justice is served. The magnitude of this advert is in its development of the tragic hero that is Oedipus. He is just trying to avenge his predecessors death but is inadvertently plotting his own downfall. Thi s is part of the flaw in Oedipus character. Oedipus flaw is that cannot see what is beneath the surface. The fact that he wants to clear up the mess and lift the curse is commendable, but in doing so, Oedipus will implicate himself and arrive the reversal of fortune.Throughout the play, a recurring theme is the blindness of some and full sight of others, yet it is those who are allegedly blind who are enlightened. show Tereisias for example, who was the blind prophet of Thebes. Only he is able to put two and two together and see the bigger picture. Tereisias acts as the antagonist in the play, providing a balanced counter view in the drama, giving Oedipus a chance to realise his flaws.For example, a reader of Oedipus cannot miss the irony in a blind man telling a sighted one that he is committing a grave crime by sleeping with his legitimate wife and that he would one day also be blind and need a guide to move along just like him4. Tereisias also assures Oedipus that he cannot tel l who hes sacramental manduction a household with.5Oedipus cannot fathom how this could possibly happen, and resorts to calling Tereisias a traitor and stupid. Tereisias replies to Oedipus, also in an outburst of anger, that Those clear-seeing eyes will be blinded. Oedipus was unable to see that he would have to gouge his own eyes because it was he who had brought the curse onto the land. The net effect is that now we have a protagonist who is also arrogant, overly proud, and unable to perceive the path fate is leading him along.Oedipus character is now that of a tragic hero in waiting, and it is just a matter of time before he discovers his ancestry, and with it the terrible sins he has committed. Oedipus comes to the realisation that he is the cursed polluter of the land, husband of his mother and father of his brothers

Indian Railways Financial Capacity Enhancement

Indian Railways Financial Capacity EnhancementPhysical and financial talent enhancement/capacity building of Indian railroads over old ageTo analyze how the physical capacity of Indian railways has enhanced over years.To examine financial capacity enhancement of Indian railways over yearsIn our research we have considered two types of Capacity enhancements nonpargonil is physical capacity and another superstar is financial capacity.Capacity enhancement has been defined in multiple ways its ultimate purpose is to leave behind better skilled and oriented individuals, more responsive and effective institutions, and a better constitution environment for pursuing development goals. Capacity enhancement at the institutional or policy level has three main ingredientsThe countrys resources and capabilitiesAn alter institutional environmentMotivations and incentives/pressures that promote and help to sustain behavioral changeCapacity utilizationCapacity utilization is a concept in eco nomics and managerial accounting which refers to the extent to which an enterprise or a nation actually uses its installed productive capacity. Thus, it refers to the relationship between actual fruit that is produced with the installed equipment and the potential output which could be produced with it, if capacity was fully employ.If market demand grows, capacity utilization will rise. If demand weakens, capacity utilization will slacken. Economists and bankers often watch capacity utilization indicators for signs of inflation pressures. The capacity utilization rate is also an indicator of how efficiently thefactors of productionargon being used.Economic susceptibilityIn economics, the term economic efficiency refers to the use of resources so as to maximize the production of goods and run. An economic system is said to be more efficient than another (in relative terms) if it can result more goods and helpings for society without using more resources. In absolute terms, a si tuation can be called economically efficient if noneone can be made better off without making someone else worse off (commonly referred to asPareto efficiency).No additional output can be obtained without increase the amount of inputs.Production proceeds at the lowest possible per-unit cost.Technical efficiencyTechnical efficiency means that natural resources are transformed into goods and services without waste, Situation where it is impossible for a true to produce, with the given know how, (1) a larger output from the homogeneous inputs or (2) the same output with less of one or more inputs without increasing the amount of other input.Technical efficiency is the effectiveness with which a given heap of inputs is used to produce an output. A firm is said to be technically efficient if a firm is producing the maximum output from the minimum quantity of inputs, such as labor, capital and technology. productivityProductivity is a measure of the efficiency ofproduction. Productivit y is a ratio of production output to what is required to produce it (inputs). The measure of productivity is defined as a total output per one unit of a total input.Physical capacityRailway stationsEmployeesRoute lengthLoco formersTotal investment metropolis at chargePassenger service vehiclesVolume of trafficOther coaching vehiclesWagons(To calculate efficiency and productivity we must apply models and tests. Dan bogart and lathika have used cobb douglas production function to calculate efficiency in the operations. Alivelu used a model to calculate productivity. DEA may be used)Locomotives, coaches, wagons and other type of railway vehicles are together called as rolling stock, rolling stock originally referred to the vehicles that move on a railway, it commonly includes both powered and unpowered vehicles (Wikipedia). In In some countries the term is usually use to refer only to unpowered vehicles, specifically excluding locomotives which may be referred to as running stock, tra ction or motive power. In India all the railway vehicles are called as rolling stock.In simple language locomotive is also called as engine, it is a rail catch vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. The word locomotive originates from the Latin word loco which means from a place and motivus which means causing motion. A locomotive has no payload capacity of its accept and its sole purpose is to move the train along the tracks.A wagon is a large container on wheels which is pulled by a train. Goods wagons or freight wagons are unpowered railway vehicles that are used for the transportation of cargo. OTIF definition a railway vehicle not provided with a means of traction, which is intended to carry goods.A passenger car is also known as bogie in India. It is a piece of railway rolling ,stock that is designed to carry passengers. The term passenger car is also associated with a sleeping car, baggage, dining, railway post office and prisoner transport cars. emu DMU DHMU(E MU)A set of electrically powered self-propelling passenger rail vehicles able to operate in multiple with other such sets(DMU)A set of diesel-powered self-propelling passenger rail vehicles able to operate in multiple with other such sets. Such units, especially those consisting of a single vehicle, are sometimes termed railcars .Adiesel multiple unitorDMUis a multiple-unit train powered by on-board diesel engines. A DMU requires no separate locomotive, as the engines are incorporated into one or more of the amblers. They may also be referred to as a railcar or railmotor, depending on country. Diesel-powered units may be that classified by their transmission type diesel-electric (DEMU), diesel-mechanical (DMMU) or diesel-hydraulic (DHMU).Diesel-mechanicalIn a diesel-mechanical multiple unit (DMMU) the rotating energy of the engine is transmitted via a gearbox and driveshaft directly to the wheels of the train, like a car. The transmissions can be shifted manually by the driver, as in the great majority of first-generation British Rail DMUs, that in most applications gears are changed automatically.Diesel-hydraulicIn a diesel-hydraulic multiple unit, a hydraulic torque converter, a type of fluid coupling, acts as the transmission medium for the motive power of the diesel engine to turn the wheels. Some units feature a hybrid mix of hydraulic and mechanical transmissions, usually reverting to the latter at higher operating speeds as this decreases engine RPM and noise.Diesel-electricIn a diesel-electric multiple unit (DEMU) a diesel engine drives an electrical generator or an alternator which produces electrical energy. The generated current is then fed to electric traction motors on the wheels or bogies in the same way as a conventional diesel electric locomotive. 1In modern DEMUs, such as the Bombardier Voyager family, each car is merely self-contained and has its own engine, generator and electric motors. 1 In older designs, such as the British Rail Class 207, some cars within the consist may be entirely unpowered or only feature electric motors, obtaining electrical current from other cars in the consist which have a generator and engine.YearNo. of railway stationsEmployees (in thousands)Route length (in kilometers)Total investment (in crore)Capital at charge1980-8170351572612407448.46096.31981-8270721575612308164.36698.11982-8370681584613858882.27251.11983-8470651592614609401.47567.81984-85709316036185010377.38285.61985-86709216136183611492.09078.11986-87710516116181313306.910373.11987-88708416186197615177.611622.21988-89708316266198517239.412987.51989-90707616476221119730.614629.51990-91710016526236722200.516125.81991-92711616546545824808.417712.51992-93704316466248628524.320123.21993-94705016256246232212.022620.61994-95705616026266035618.224924.81995-96706815876291539816.027712.891996-97698415846272544627.330911.771997-98692915796249549057.833846.331998-99689615786280953657.636829.341999-00686715776275958353.439772.062000-016843 15456302863341.0143051.882001-02685615116314070117.4747147.352002-03690614726312277915.7851099.092003-04703114426322187474.5056061.792004-05713314246346598490.0259346.932005-066974141263332112180.4166878.372006-076909139863327130168.7176030.692007-087025139463273151434.3588521.142008-097030138664015176726.41104301.252009-107083136263974203315.37123000.692010-117133132864460231615.25143220.572011-127146130664600257958.35161447.972012-132013-14Source statistical summary- Indian railwaysYearPassenger carriageEMU DMU DHMUOther coaching vehicles (in units)Wagons (in units)Locomotives(in units)steamdieselelectric1980-8127410262582304009467469240310361981-8227192265880583920627245252011041982-8326894276578403834316292263811571983-8427311283777513747576217280011941984-8527793295777893653925870290512521985-8627735296575433596175571304613021986-8727629298873363540414950318213661987-8827466297772743468444427329814331988-8927715305270773458213826345415331989-902796931006861349661333636101644199 0-9128677314266683461022915375917431991-9229469336664913463942492390518711992-9330298344461583375621725406920121993-943053735375955312405911419221171994-953003636185536291360358425923021995-962947236915694280791209431323871996-97299783846546027214485436325271997-98307393971543226398164449626461998-99315544076533825294458458627851999-00322084266489123439756465128102000-01332364668473122219354470228102001-02343384876482721671753481528712002-03348714957490421476052469929302003-04356545278551922775245476930042004-05370875388560022240944480730652005-06381565894561220798344479331882006-07388556454590520772343481632942007-08406966641618020403444484334432008-09420796984598521283543496335862009-10435267487647722054942502238252010-11450488053650022999743513740332011-12466888617656023932143519743092012-13Source statistical summary- Indian railwaysCapacity enhancement in Passenger serviceYearNo. of passenger origination( in million)Passenger kms (in million)Passenger earning (in crore)1980-8136 13208558827.51981-823704220787988.61982-8336552269301161.61983-8433252229351351.91984-8533332265821456.81985-8634332406141719.41986-8735942565351939.71987-8837922693892058.11988-8935002637312453.41989-9036532808482666.4*1990-9138582956443144.7*1991-9240493145643681.61992-9337493001034311.21993-9437082962454891.21994-9539153193655458.81995-9640183419996113.01996-9741533570136616.11997-9843483798977554.01998-9944114038848526.71999-0045854306669555.62000-01483345702210483.22001-02509349091211162.22002-03497151504412540.82003-04511254120813259.82004-05537857570214072.522005-06572561561415080.772006-07621969476417176.012007-08652476976419783.252008-09692083803221866.482009-10724690346523414.442010-11765197850825705.642011-128224104652228246.432012-13Source statistical summary- Indian railwaysCapacity enhancement in freight servicelong timeTotal traffic Tonnes originating (in millions)Total traffic net tonne kms (in millions)Earnings from freight carried1980-81220.01584741550.91981-82245. 81742022250.31982-83256.01777672865.91983-84258.01784463234.31984-85264.8

Salvador Dali Essays -- essays research papers

Salvador Dali, the talented surrealist painter was born May 11, 1904 in Figueras, Spain. He was the second of three children in his family. His p atomic number 18nts believed him to be the reincarnation of his older brother who had died just ix months before Salvador was born. Dali said later in life that he often felt like he and his exsanguine brother were one when he painted. His parents were real indulgent through out his childhood, Dali often dressed up and pretended to be an emperor and rule his family. sluice when his immatureer sister Anna Maria was born, Dali maintained his position as the dictator of the family.Though Dali was an unruly student, many people recognized his brilliance and dodgeistic talent at a very young age. He began seriously painting at age ten, though his more notable works did not progress until he was thirteen. Most of these early paintings were landscapes of the areas adjoin his hometown, Figueras and nearby Cadaquese. Later, he began to us e the Roman ruins in Ampurius which he developed a strong love for and are a recurrent theme in many of his later pieces.A year after Dalis mother died in 1921, Dali was accepted to the Acadamia de San Fernando in Madrid. This was and art school that specialized in painting, sculpture, and engraving. Dali had get the hang Impressionism several years earlier and was now experimenting with cubism. This impressed his classmates, most of who were just beginning to grasp Im... Salvador Dali Essays -- essays research document Salvador Dali, the talented surrealist painter was born May 11, 1904 in Figueras, Spain. He was the second of three children in his family. His parents believed him to be the reincarnation of his older brother who had died just nine months before Salvador was born. Dali said later in life that he often felt like he and his dead brother were one when he painted. His parents were very indulgent through out his childhood, Dali often dressed up and pret ended to be an emperor and rule his family. Even when his younger sister Anna Maria was born, Dali maintained his position as the dictator of the family.Though Dali was an unruly student, many people recognized his brilliance and artistic talent at a very young age. He began seriously painting at age ten, though his more notable works did not appear until he was thirteen. Most of these early paintings were landscapes of the areas surrounding his hometown, Figueras and nearby Cadaquese. Later, he began to use the Roman ruins in Ampurius which he developed a strong love for and are a recurrent theme in many of his later pieces.A year after Dalis mother died in 1921, Dali was accepted to the Acadamia de San Fernando in Madrid. This was and art school that specialized in painting, sculpture, and engraving. Dali had mastered Impressionism several years earlier and was now experimenting with cubism. This impressed his classmates, most of who were just beginning to grasp Im...

The Standard for Insanity :: Barker Regeneration Essays

The Standard for Insanity Since Pat Barkers Regeneration is set in a mental hospital, it seems alteration that questions about mental disease and the definition of sanity should be raised. At the very start of the book, Rivers and Bryce are discussing the case of Siegfreid Sassoon, a dissenting officer of the British army. As they discuss his diagnosis of neurasthenia, Barker is laying the groundwork for nonpareil of Regenerations many themes no one is completely qualified to judge the sane from the insane, for frenzy finds its way into us all. The ambiguity surrounding the definition and treatment of neurasthenia offers just a glimpse into the ever-changing and highly subjective world of mental evaluation.The chronicle of neurasthenia traces back before World War I to a scientist by the name of George A. Beard. Beard coined the actual term neurasthenia which means nerve weakness (Marlowe). Neurasthenia was attributed sort of vaguely to the stress of everyday life, or, for soldi ers, the stress of the trenches. Many also felt it was a disease primarily of the upper class, which means it would apply more frequently to officers in the army than regular men. Andrew Scott Myrtle, who wrote on the validity of neurasthenia, believed like many medical professionals of the era that it is not the machine workers, the factory workers, who suffer but the inventors of the machines (Gijswijt-Hofstra 145). non only did neurasthenia come from the many stresses of daily life, but it also had a myriad of symptoms. Every article on neurasthenia offered a different set of agreeable symptoms, the most common being sleeplessness, headaches, and fatigue (Marlowe). Cures for neurasthenia were as varied as its symptoms. When working with one patient, Beard promptly zapped the young doctor with a faradic current from head to toe (Martensen 1243). electric shock was still being used during World War I, as evidenced by doctors like Lewis Yealland, but other cures such as come re st, sea-salts, and expensive cruises were also circulating (Gijswijt-Hofstra 145).The sense of ambiguity that surrounded neurasthenia had a large effect on societys views of neurasthenic patients. Although World War I was one of the first instances where people recognized that mental disorder or disease might be responsible for actions that were otherwise characterized as cowardly, there remained a self-coloured sense that diseases like neurasthenia were ultimately the result of a weak will. Robert Martensen describes neurasthenia as giving people a socially legitimate explanation of their inability to bring to pass their expected roles (1243).

Jesus In The Year 2000 :: essays research papers

What does the Jesus of Mitchells gospel have to set up to those of us living in the year 2000?The true mental testing of a literary work is the test of time. If a work has a universal theme, if it has a universal lesson that can be learned, it will last and be referred to as a classic and generation after generation of students will read and discuss it in school. While the Gospels are not necessarily considered classics, they have, indeed stood the test of time. Almost 2000 years after Jesus lived, people still talk about him and study his life. Perhaps this is why Stephen Mitchell was compelled to write The Gospel According to Jesus. If unity looks carefully, the message of the Jesus of this gospel is universal therefore, even though the stories were written quite a long time ago, they still have a locoweed to say to those living in the year 2000. To see what the Jesus of this gospel has to say to those living in the year 2000, one must look at its two major themes inclusivity and not judging others.First, The Gospel According to Jesus is an inclusive gospel. If one looks carefully, one will see that Jesus is preaching a message of equality. While this can really be seen throughout the entire gospel, it is best shown in the following passage Everyone who hears what I say and does it is like a man who built his house upon a rock and the rain fell and the floods came and the winds blew and beat against that house, and it didnt fall because it was founded on rock. And everyone who hears what I say and doesnt do it is like a man who built his house upon sand and the rain fell and the floods came and the winds blew and beat against that house, and it fell and great was its fall. (sic) Notice that this passage does not say every white man, or every Catholic person, or any other discriminatory type of classification. The passage says everyone. This message of equality can in addition be seen in the healing stories. Jesus does not discriminate against any group when he heals anyone that asks him to help them, Jesus helps. It is as simple as that. even so another example of this message can be found in the following Who are my mother and my brothers?