Indian Railways Financial Capacity Enhancement

Indian Railways Financial Capacity EnhancementPhysical and financial talent enhancement/capacity building of Indian railroads over old ageTo analyze how the physical capacity of Indian railways has enhanced over years.To examine financial capacity enhancement of Indian railways over yearsIn our research we have considered two types of Capacity enhancements nonpargonil is physical capacity and another superstar is financial capacity.Capacity enhancement has been defined in multiple ways its ultimate purpose is to leave behind better skilled and oriented individuals, more responsive and effective institutions, and a better constitution environment for pursuing development goals. Capacity enhancement at the institutional or policy level has three main ingredientsThe countrys resources and capabilitiesAn alter institutional environmentMotivations and incentives/pressures that promote and help to sustain behavioral changeCapacity utilizationCapacity utilization is a concept in eco nomics and managerial accounting which refers to the extent to which an enterprise or a nation actually uses its installed productive capacity. Thus, it refers to the relationship between actual fruit that is produced with the installed equipment and the potential output which could be produced with it, if capacity was fully employ.If market demand grows, capacity utilization will rise. If demand weakens, capacity utilization will slacken. Economists and bankers often watch capacity utilization indicators for signs of inflation pressures. The capacity utilization rate is also an indicator of how efficiently thefactors of productionargon being used.Economic susceptibilityIn economics, the term economic efficiency refers to the use of resources so as to maximize the production of goods and run. An economic system is said to be more efficient than another (in relative terms) if it can result more goods and helpings for society without using more resources. In absolute terms, a si tuation can be called economically efficient if noneone can be made better off without making someone else worse off (commonly referred to asPareto efficiency).No additional output can be obtained without increase the amount of inputs.Production proceeds at the lowest possible per-unit cost.Technical efficiencyTechnical efficiency means that natural resources are transformed into goods and services without waste, Situation where it is impossible for a true to produce, with the given know how, (1) a larger output from the homogeneous inputs or (2) the same output with less of one or more inputs without increasing the amount of other input.Technical efficiency is the effectiveness with which a given heap of inputs is used to produce an output. A firm is said to be technically efficient if a firm is producing the maximum output from the minimum quantity of inputs, such as labor, capital and technology. productivityProductivity is a measure of the efficiency ofproduction. Productivit y is a ratio of production output to what is required to produce it (inputs). The measure of productivity is defined as a total output per one unit of a total input.Physical capacityRailway stationsEmployeesRoute lengthLoco formersTotal investment metropolis at chargePassenger service vehiclesVolume of trafficOther coaching vehiclesWagons(To calculate efficiency and productivity we must apply models and tests. Dan bogart and lathika have used cobb douglas production function to calculate efficiency in the operations. Alivelu used a model to calculate productivity. DEA may be used)Locomotives, coaches, wagons and other type of railway vehicles are together called as rolling stock, rolling stock originally referred to the vehicles that move on a railway, it commonly includes both powered and unpowered vehicles (Wikipedia). In In some countries the term is usually use to refer only to unpowered vehicles, specifically excluding locomotives which may be referred to as running stock, tra ction or motive power. In India all the railway vehicles are called as rolling stock.In simple language locomotive is also called as engine, it is a rail catch vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. The word locomotive originates from the Latin word loco which means from a place and motivus which means causing motion. A locomotive has no payload capacity of its accept and its sole purpose is to move the train along the tracks.A wagon is a large container on wheels which is pulled by a train. Goods wagons or freight wagons are unpowered railway vehicles that are used for the transportation of cargo. OTIF definition a railway vehicle not provided with a means of traction, which is intended to carry goods.A passenger car is also known as bogie in India. It is a piece of railway rolling ,stock that is designed to carry passengers. The term passenger car is also associated with a sleeping car, baggage, dining, railway post office and prisoner transport cars. emu DMU DHMU(E MU)A set of electrically powered self-propelling passenger rail vehicles able to operate in multiple with other such sets(DMU)A set of diesel-powered self-propelling passenger rail vehicles able to operate in multiple with other such sets. Such units, especially those consisting of a single vehicle, are sometimes termed railcars .Adiesel multiple unitorDMUis a multiple-unit train powered by on-board diesel engines. A DMU requires no separate locomotive, as the engines are incorporated into one or more of the amblers. They may also be referred to as a railcar or railmotor, depending on country. Diesel-powered units may be that classified by their transmission type diesel-electric (DEMU), diesel-mechanical (DMMU) or diesel-hydraulic (DHMU).Diesel-mechanicalIn a diesel-mechanical multiple unit (DMMU) the rotating energy of the engine is transmitted via a gearbox and driveshaft directly to the wheels of the train, like a car. The transmissions can be shifted manually by the driver, as in the great majority of first-generation British Rail DMUs, that in most applications gears are changed automatically.Diesel-hydraulicIn a diesel-hydraulic multiple unit, a hydraulic torque converter, a type of fluid coupling, acts as the transmission medium for the motive power of the diesel engine to turn the wheels. Some units feature a hybrid mix of hydraulic and mechanical transmissions, usually reverting to the latter at higher operating speeds as this decreases engine RPM and noise.Diesel-electricIn a diesel-electric multiple unit (DEMU) a diesel engine drives an electrical generator or an alternator which produces electrical energy. The generated current is then fed to electric traction motors on the wheels or bogies in the same way as a conventional diesel electric locomotive. 1In modern DEMUs, such as the Bombardier Voyager family, each car is merely self-contained and has its own engine, generator and electric motors. 1 In older designs, such as the British Rail Class 207, some cars within the consist may be entirely unpowered or only feature electric motors, obtaining electrical current from other cars in the consist which have a generator and engine.YearNo. of railway stationsEmployees (in thousands)Route length (in kilometers)Total investment (in crore)Capital at charge1980-8170351572612407448.46096.31981-8270721575612308164.36698.11982-8370681584613858882.27251.11983-8470651592614609401.47567.81984-85709316036185010377.38285.61985-86709216136183611492.09078.11986-87710516116181313306.910373.11987-88708416186197615177.611622.21988-89708316266198517239.412987.51989-90707616476221119730.614629.51990-91710016526236722200.516125.81991-92711616546545824808.417712.51992-93704316466248628524.320123.21993-94705016256246232212.022620.61994-95705616026266035618.224924.81995-96706815876291539816.027712.891996-97698415846272544627.330911.771997-98692915796249549057.833846.331998-99689615786280953657.636829.341999-00686715776275958353.439772.062000-016843 15456302863341.0143051.882001-02685615116314070117.4747147.352002-03690614726312277915.7851099.092003-04703114426322187474.5056061.792004-05713314246346598490.0259346.932005-066974141263332112180.4166878.372006-076909139863327130168.7176030.692007-087025139463273151434.3588521.142008-097030138664015176726.41104301.252009-107083136263974203315.37123000.692010-117133132864460231615.25143220.572011-127146130664600257958.35161447.972012-132013-14Source statistical summary- Indian railwaysYearPassenger carriageEMU DMU DHMUOther coaching vehicles (in units)Wagons (in units)Locomotives(in units)steamdieselelectric1980-8127410262582304009467469240310361981-8227192265880583920627245252011041982-8326894276578403834316292263811571983-8427311283777513747576217280011941984-8527793295777893653925870290512521985-8627735296575433596175571304613021986-8727629298873363540414950318213661987-8827466297772743468444427329814331988-8927715305270773458213826345415331989-902796931006861349661333636101644199 0-9128677314266683461022915375917431991-9229469336664913463942492390518711992-9330298344461583375621725406920121993-943053735375955312405911419221171994-953003636185536291360358425923021995-962947236915694280791209431323871996-97299783846546027214485436325271997-98307393971543226398164449626461998-99315544076533825294458458627851999-00322084266489123439756465128102000-01332364668473122219354470228102001-02343384876482721671753481528712002-03348714957490421476052469929302003-04356545278551922775245476930042004-05370875388560022240944480730652005-06381565894561220798344479331882006-07388556454590520772343481632942007-08406966641618020403444484334432008-09420796984598521283543496335862009-10435267487647722054942502238252010-11450488053650022999743513740332011-12466888617656023932143519743092012-13Source statistical summary- Indian railwaysCapacity enhancement in Passenger serviceYearNo. of passenger origination( in million)Passenger kms (in million)Passenger earning (in crore)1980-8136 13208558827.51981-823704220787988.61982-8336552269301161.61983-8433252229351351.91984-8533332265821456.81985-8634332406141719.41986-8735942565351939.71987-8837922693892058.11988-8935002637312453.41989-9036532808482666.4*1990-9138582956443144.7*1991-9240493145643681.61992-9337493001034311.21993-9437082962454891.21994-9539153193655458.81995-9640183419996113.01996-9741533570136616.11997-9843483798977554.01998-9944114038848526.71999-0045854306669555.62000-01483345702210483.22001-02509349091211162.22002-03497151504412540.82003-04511254120813259.82004-05537857570214072.522005-06572561561415080.772006-07621969476417176.012007-08652476976419783.252008-09692083803221866.482009-10724690346523414.442010-11765197850825705.642011-128224104652228246.432012-13Source statistical summary- Indian railwaysCapacity enhancement in freight servicelong timeTotal traffic Tonnes originating (in millions)Total traffic net tonne kms (in millions)Earnings from freight carried1980-81220.01584741550.91981-82245. 81742022250.31982-83256.01777672865.91983-84258.01784463234.31984-85264.8